Chapter 4- Diving Physiology Diving Physiology 147 Mi ddle Ear- Air-filled space between your eardrum and your inner ear. Contains three little bones, that transmit and amplify vibrations to your inner ear. Ne ar Drowning- Suffocation by submersion, with at least 24 hours of survival. Ne gative Pressure Breathing- Breathing air at lower pressure that at your chest. Makes it harder to inhale, depending on how much negative pressure develops, and draws blood into your thorax. Ne urological DCS- Decompression sickness of your brain and spinal cord. Ni trogen Narcosis- Nonspecific stuporous condition from breathing nitrogen gas under pressure. Ov al Window- Oval hole between your middle ear and inner ear. It is normally closed by your stapes bone, one of your three middle ear bones. Ox ygen Toxicity- Poisonous effect of breathing too high a concentration of oxygen for too long. Pa ranasal Sinuses- Air-filled cavities in the bones of your skull. Pa tent Foramen Ovale (PFO)- An opening between the upper chambers of your heart (your right and left atria). Present in the fetus but usually closed soon after birth. When it becomes or stays open (patent), it allows blood to pass from one atria to the other bypassing your lungs. Decompression bubbles and “used” blood can return to your body without being filtered by your lungs. Ph ysiology- Study of the functions of living beings and their parts. Comes from Greek words for nature (phusis) and for study (-ology). Pl eura- Thin, flexible membrane, consisting of an inner and an outer layer, one enclosing your lungs and the other lining your chest cavity. The layers seal to each other and attach your lungs to your chest wall. Damage to the layers can allow air to enter, which breaks the seal, sometimes allowing your lung to collapse. Pl eural Cavity- Potential space between your two pleural layers containing fluid that lubricates and creates suction to seal the pleural layers together. Pn eumothorax- Rare but serious diving injury, that occurs when air gets out of your lungs and into the small, normally airless space between your lungs and chest wall. Usually due to lung overexpansion, but can also occur with penetrating injury through your ribs. Po sitive Pressure Breathing- Breathing air at higher pressure that at your chest. Makes it easier to inhale, and draws blood away from your thorax. Pr oprioceptors- Tiny sense organs in your connective tissue that tell your brain about the position of your body parts and if you are moving them. Pu lmonary Oxygen Toxicity- Also called the Lorrain Smith effect. Poisonous effect of oxygen that targets your lungs. Due to chronic exposure to moderate levels of oxygen (about two and-ahalf to three times normal). Re sidual Volume- Volume of air left in your lungs after forcefully expelling all air possible. Ro und Window- Round membrane between your middle ear and inner ear. Se condary Drowning- Also called late drowning. Often fatal condition from fluid building up in your lungs after surviving near drowning. Se micircular Canals- Three looped, bony tubes in each inner ear, lying at right angles to each other, that work to maintain your sense of balance. Sh allow Water Blackout- Loss of consciousness on ascent in shallow water. Previously had the established meaning of blackout from CO2 retention. Si nus- Any of various hollows or small channels in your body, filled with air, fluid, blood, or other body tissue. For example, your carotid sinuses in your neck, your coronary sinus, which receives most of the veins of the heart, and your paranasal sinuses in your head. Sk in Bends- Itchy skin of no consequence after hyperbaric chamber exposure, or a rashy marbling that may warn of serious decompression sickness. Sk ip Breathing- Pausing abnormally long
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