Chapter 2- The Diving Environment The Diving Environment 59 transfusions and skin grafting are common in many of these cases. In addition, these wounds can easily become sites for severe infections. FRESHWATER LIFE HAZARDS Compared to the oceans, freshwater streams, ponds, and lakes have relatively few forms of animal life that present a specific danger to divers. The diver must, however, be aware of those few species that can inflict considerable harm. Reptiles The venomous cottonmouth water snake (water moccasin) is found in lakes and rivers south of latitude 38° north. This snake is probably the diver’s most serious freshwater hazard. It predominantly inhabits stagnant or sluggish water, but has been observed in clear and moving water. There has been a persistent notion that the cottonmouth would not bite underwater. This is a myth. However, two fatalities caused by cottonmouth bites have been documented. The cottonmouth is considered pugnacious, adamant, and vindictive when disturbed, and will attack unprovoked. It does not show fear of humans as most other aquatic snakes do. Its behavior is unpredictable. Attack is more likely to occur in the evening. Recognition is difficult since its color varies from jet black to green with markings absent or vaguely similar to the copperhead. Consequently, in areas where the cottonmouth is known to exist, it is advisable for the diver to regard any snake, not otherwise positively identified, as a cottonmouth. The best defense is a noiseless, deliberate retreat. Wet suits afford reasonably good protection, but can be penetrated by larger specimens. Bare hands should be tucked under the armpits. The diver should never attempt to fight since this will probably only result in multiple bites. Although evidence is inconclusive, it appears that the snake will not dive deeper than about six feet. FIGURE 2-31. SHARK ENCOUNTERS ARE RARE
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