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4CHAPTER 5CHAPTER Surface Diving ................................................52 Clearing Water from Your Snorkel ................54 As sembling Scuba Equipment ............................55 Assembling Your Scuba Unit ...........................55 Testing Your Scuba Unit .................................57 Assembling Your Weight Belt ..........................58 Do nning Scuba Gear ..........................................59 Donning Your Diving Suit .............................59 Donning Your Scuba Unit .............................59 Donning Your Weight Belt .............................60 En tering and Exiting the Water .........................61 Checking Your Equipment.............................61 Boat and Platform Entries .............................62 Beach Entries ..................................................64 Boat and Platform Exits .................................65 Beach Exits .....................................................66 Ma sk Skills ..........................................................67 Clearing Water from Your Mask ...................67 Removing and Replacing Your Mask ...........68 Re gulator Skills...................................................68 Breathing Underwater ....................................68 Breathing with a Flooded Mask or without a Mask .......................................69 Clearing Your Regulator ................................69 Recovering Your Regulator ............................69 Breathing from a Free-Flowing Regulator .....................................................70 Orally Inflating Your Buoyancy Compensator ..............................71 Switching from Your Regulator to Snorkel ....................................................71 Monitoring Your Air Supply ...........................72 Bu oyancy Skills ...................................................72 Checking Your Buoyancy at the Surface .......73 Descending .....................................................73 During the Dive ..............................................74 Ascending ........................................................75 Sa fety Skills .........................................................77 Sharing Air with Another Diver ......................77 Independent Emergency Ascents ....................79 General Guidelines .........................................80 Buddy System ......................................................80 Co mmunication ..................................................82 Underwater Communication .........................82 Surface Communication ................................84 Ha ndling Your Scuba Equipment in the Water .................................................85 Removing and Replacing Your Scuba Unit on the Surface and Underwater ..................85 Removing and Replacing Your Weight Belt on the Surface and Underwater ..................86 Na vigation Skills .................................................87 Natural Navigation ........................................87 Compass Navigation ......................................88 Disassembling Your Scuba Gear ........................89 Conclusion ..........................................................91 Diving Science 92 Learning Goals ....................................................94 Di rect Effects of Pressure ....................................94 Density and Its Effects .....................................94 Buoyancy .............................................................97 W hat is Pressure .............................................. 101 How Pressure Effects Volume ....................... 102 How Pressure Effects Density ....................... 104 How Pressure Affects Air Consumption ........ 105 Yo ur Body ......................................................... 106 How Pressure Affects Your Air Spaces .......... 106 The Anatomy of Your Lungs ........................ 112 In direct Effects of Pressure .............................. 116 Ingassing and Offgassing ............................ 116 Decompression Sickness .............................. 116 Nitrogen Narcosis ......................................... 117 Oxygen Toxicity............................................ 117 Carbon Monoxide Toxicity .......................... 118 Th ermal Effects of Diving ................................ 119 Humidity and Temperature ........................ 120 Scuba Cylinders and Temperature ............. 120 Decompression, Dive Tables, and Dive Computers 122 Learning Goals ................................................. 124 Ni trogen and Diving ........................................ 124 Ingassing Nitrogen ....................................... 124 Offgassing Nitrogen ..................................... 124 Residual Nitrogen ........................................ 126 VII Table of Contents Table of Contents


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