ground excessively, standing with weight on hind quarters, resting chin on fence rail to get weight off forefeet) If any of these elements is present, call a veterinarian to examine the animal(s). Cattle Terminology • Female: Cow • Young female: Heifer (has not yet had a calf OR is less than two years old) • Male: Bull • Castrated male: Steer • Young animal, either sex: Calf Basic animal care standards • Fresh, clean water should be accessible at all times. • Cattle should have good quality hay available or they should be able to graze at all times. Grain should be provided if the animal is growing, pregnant, or being milked. • Hay (with the exception of big bales) and grain should not be dumped on the ground, but rather placed in a manger or hay rack, or in case of grain, in a bucket or other container. • All feed should be kept dry to avoid mold. • Salt blocks should always be available. Trace mineralized salt (red blocks) is best, but white salt is acceptable. • Calves must be given only milk and/ or calf-starter grain because they can’t digest hay or grass until they’re three months old. • Cattle should have shelter that protects them from heavy rain, snow, and sun. Facilities should be well ventilated. • Cattle should have dry bedding (e.g. sand, sawdust, shredded paper, straw, packed dry manure). In the winter, cattle should have enough bedding to provide insulation from the cold floor/ground. 72 The Humane Society of the United States Additional recommendations • Cattle should be vaccinated annually for rabies and other diseases and dewormed according to veterinary advice. • Hoof trimming is not necessary unless the hooves are excessively long. Signs of neglect or cruelty Appearance: a protruding back bone and sunken eyes (note that dairy cows are by nature ”bony” in the hip area); red, swollen, hot, dark blue or grey udder; clotted or chunky milk; milk tinged with blood; bubbly gas from teat (indicates severe infection); tears in teats or udder (resulting from the cow stepping on them when getting up, which indicates poor husbandry) Housing conditions: no place to exercise for adult animals; no dry place to lie down; no water or food; overcrowded; strong ammonia odors (not just a manure odor) from lack of ventilation Behavior: weakness; minimal responsiveness (note that cattle who receive minimal handling (i.e. beef cows) are naturally fearful of humans) If any of these elements is present, call a veterinarian to examine the animal(s). Sheep Terminology • Female: Ewe • Male: Ram • Castrated male: Wether • Young sheep of either sex: Lamb Basic animal care standards • Fresh, clean water should be accessible at all times. • Sheep should have good quality hay available or they should be able to graze at all times. Grain should be provided if the animal is growing, pregnant, or being milked. ”Grain” can refer to oats, Animal care standards for some common animals
20028HS
To see the actual publication please follow the link above