4CHAPTER 3CHAPTER VII Table of Contents Table of Contents Predators ................................................................57 How to Avoid Predators ......................................58 Freshwater Life Hazards ........................................59 Reptiles ................................................................59 Turtles..................................................................60 Alligators and Crocodiles ...................................60 Mammals .............................................................60 Fishes ...................................................................60 Conservation ...........................................................60 Man’s Effects on the Environment ....................61 Marine Pollution .................................................61 Diver’s Effects on the Environment ...................62 Summary ................................................................63 For Further Reading ..............................................64 Diving Physics 66 Learning Goals .......................................................68 The Physical World ................................................68 The Three States of Matter .................................69 Gases in Diving ......................................................69 Nitrogen ...............................................................70 Oxygen .................................................................70 Carbon Dioxide ...................................................70 Carbon Monoxide................................................70 Water Vapor ........................................................71 Measuring the Physical World ..............................71 A Note on Conversions and Formulas ...............72 Length .................................................................73 Area ......................................................................73 Volume.................................................................73 Weight (Mass) .....................................................74 Temperature .......................................................74 Density ....................................................................75 Buoyancy ................................................................76 Lifting ..................................................................80 Pressure ..................................................................81 Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure .............82 Partial Pressure ..................................................84 Kinetic Theory of Gases .........................................85 Boyle’s Law..........................................................86 Charles’ Law ........................................................89 Amontons’ Law ...................................................89 Avogadro’s Law ...................................................90 The General Gas Law .........................................91 Air Consumption .................................................92 Henry’s Law .........................................................95 Energy .................................................................96 Light ....................................................................97 Sound...................................................................99 Heat ......................................................................99 Propulsion, Drag, and Trim ............................101 For Further Reading ............................................102 Diving Physiology 104 Learning Goals .....................................................106 Respiration ...........................................................106 Circulation .........................................................109 Im mersion Effects on Respiration and Circulation ........................111 Respiratory Problems ..........................................112 Breathing Resistance ........................................112 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity ...................................112 Hy perventilation and Shallow Water Blackout .................................. 113 Overexertion ......................................................114 Carbon Monoxide Toxicity ...............................114 Oxygen Toxicity ................................................115 Drowning and Near Drowning ........................116 Nitrogen Narcosis .............................................117 Decompression Sickness ......................................118 Circulatory Problems ...........................................119 Cramps ..............................................................119 Carotid Sinus Reflex .........................................120 The Dive Reflex .................................................121 Barotrauma ..........................................................121 Lung Barotrauma .............................................122 Air Embolism ....................................................122 Diving Emphysemas .........................................123 Pneumothorax ..................................................124 Thoracic Squeeze ..............................................124 Middle Ear Barotrauma ...................................124 Inner Ear Barotrauma .....................................126 Sinus Barotrauma ............................................127 Dental Barotrauma (Tooth Squeeze) ..............128 Gastrointestinal (GI) Barotrauma ...................128 Effects of the Diving Environment .....................128
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