March 1938—Germans enter Vienna and 183,000 Jews in Austria
fall under Nazi control. The next day, Austria is annexed to the
Third Reich; all antisemitic laws are immediately applied.
April 1938—Jewish property is registered for seizure within
Greater Germany at a value of approximately 8 billion Reichmarks.
Mauthausen concentration camp is established in Austria.
June 1938—Munich synagogue is destroyed. The “Evian
Conference” in France fails to provide a refuge for German Jews.
August 1938—Jewish women must add “Sarah” and Jewish men
must add “Israel” to their legal name.
September 1938—At the Munich Conference, Neville
Chamberlain of Britain agrees to German annexation of
Sudentenland in Czechoslovakia.
October 1938—Following a request from the Swiss government,
Germans mark all Jews’ passports with a large red letter “J” to
restrict Jewish immigration to Switzerland.
November 1938—“Kristallnacht”: Anti-Jewish riots in Germany
and Austria. 300,000 are arrested, 191 synagogues destroyed, and
7,500 shops looted. A fine of one billion Marks is levied against
German Jews for the destruction caused during Kristallnacht. All
Jewish students are expelled from German schools.
December 1938—All Jewish property is transferred
to Aryan possession.
February 1939—Jews are ordered to turn in all their gold and silver.
June 1939—The S.S. St. Louis, carrying nine hundred thirty Jewish
refugees, is turned away by Cuba. The United States refuses to
admit the refugees, who are then forced to return to Europe.
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