Jewish Losses
During the Holocaust
by Country
Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant
and mature Jewish culture. By 1945, most European Jews—two
out of every three—had been killed.
When attempting to document the number of victims of the
Holocaust, the single most important thing to keep in mind is
that no single master list of those who perished exists anywhere
in the world. The estimates of today might rise or fall as new
documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more
precise understanding of events.
The best estimates for Jewish losses, country by country, are
offered below. All figures are estimates and subject to change
with the discovery of new documentation.
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