camp at Auschwitz. The Lodz ghetto is sealed with 230,000
people in 1.6 square miles.
May 1940—Rudolf Höss is appointed Commandant of Auschwitz
and a concentration camp is established there.
June 1940—Germany conquers France. One week later, the
French Army surrenders.
October 1940—Anti-Jewish laws are passed by the Vichy
government in France. The Warsaw ghetto is established.
September 1940—Germans begin massive bombing
attacks on London.
November 1940—The Warsaw ghetto is sealed off, ultimately
containing half a million Jews.
1941
January 1941—Gangs of Romanian Legionnaires hunt for Jews,
looting and beating Jews in the street, desecrating twenty-five
synagogues, destroying hundreds of homes and shops, and
massacring hundreds of Jews.
March 1941—Three thousand six hundred Jews are arrested in Paris.
June 1941—Germany invades the Soviet Union.
Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) begin mass executions
of Jews in German-occupied Soviet territory. Romanian troops
go on a murderous spree, killing ten thousand Jews. In the
Polish city of Bialystok, eight hundred Jews are burned alive
inside the Great Synagogue.
July 1941—Einsatzgruppen begin the systematic slaughter of
Lithuanian Jewry. Ultimately, 70,000–100,000 Jews are shot
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